4.- REPORTED SPEECH
3.- MODAL VERBS
2.- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
STATEMENTS
Changes in verb tenses
| |
Direct speech
|
Reported speech
|
“I live in this house”, she said
|
She said that she lived in that house
|
“We are watching TV now”, they said
|
They said that they were watching TV at that moment
|
“He bought his house here”, she said
|
She said that he bought his house there
She said that he had bought his house there
|
“I was listening to music all night”, she said
|
She said that she was listening to music all night
She said that she had been listening to music all night
|
“I have repaired the radio myself”, she said
|
She said that she had repaired the radio herself
|
“We had painted the walls in summer”, he said
|
He said that they had painted the walls in summer
|
“You will see your friends soon”, he said
|
He said that I would see my friends soon
|
“He would like to live here”, she said
|
She said that he would like to live there
|
“You must get up early”, she said
|
She said that I had to get up early
|
“I may rain tonight”, he said
|
He said that it might rain that night
|
“I can ride a bike”, he said
|
He said that he could ride a bike
|
“I might study at university”, she said
|
She said that she might study at university
|
“I could play the piano when I was little”, he said
|
He said that he could play the piano when he was little
|
Changes in adverbs and demonstratives
| |
Now
|
Then/at that moment
|
Today
|
That day
|
Tonight
|
That night
|
Yesterday
|
The day before/the previous day
|
Tomorrow
|
The day after/the following day
|
Last week
|
The week before/the previous week
|
Next week
|
The week after/the following week
|
In two days
|
Two days later
|
Two days ago
|
Two days before
|
Here
|
There
|
This
|
That
|
These
|
Those
|
QUESTIONS
Questions
| |
Yes-No questions
| |
“Do you study here?”, he said
|
He asked me if I studied there
|
“Are you reading this book?”, he said
|
He asked us if we were reading that book
|
Wh- questions
| |
“What are you doing?”, he said to her
|
He asked her what she was doing
|
“Where did you leave my book?”, he said to me
|
He asked me where I had left his book
|
COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND OTHERS
Commands, requests and others
| |
“Give me my magazine”, he said
|
He told me to give him his magazine
|
“Can you pass me the salt, please?”, he said
|
He asked me to pass him the salt
|
“Come down right night”, he said
|
He ordered me to come down at once
|
“Oh, please, please, write to us soon”, they said
|
They begged us to write to them soon
|
“You should see a doctor”, he said
|
He advised me to see a doctor
|
“Don´t play near the river, children”, he said
|
He warned the children not to play near the river
|
“Would you like something to drink?, he said
|
He invited me to have a drink
|
“Shall I help you with the bags?”, he said
|
He offered me to help me with the bags
|
“Why don´t we have a swim?”, she said
|
She suggested having a swim
|
3.- MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERBS
Verb
|
Use
|
Example
|
CAN
|
Permission
|
Can I open the window, mum?
|
Ability
|
She can play the piano very well
| |
General possibility
|
It´s cloudy. It can rain in a moment
| |
CAN´T
|
Something is imposible to happen
|
Jane is in England now; you can´t have seen her this morning
|
COULD
|
Permission
|
Could I open the window, Sir?
|
Ability
|
She could play the piano when she was 4
| |
Possibility
|
It´s a bit cloudy. It could rain if the sky is so covered
| |
MAY
|
Permission
|
May I ask you a question, Sir?
|
Possibility
|
I may go to Italy this summer; my family would like to visit Rome
| |
MIGHT
|
Possibility
|
I´m not sure but it might snow tonight although the temperatures are a bit higher
|
MUST
|
Obligation
|
You must keep silence on the premises
|
Possibility
|
Open the door; it must be Paul, I am sure
| |
MUSTN´T
|
Prohibition
|
You mustn´t smoke in this restaurant, it´s forbidden
|
HAVE TO
(semi-modal)
|
Obligation
|
I can´t go to the cinema with you. I have to look after my little sister
|
DON´T HAVE TO
(semi-modal)
|
Lack of obligation
|
Why did you get up so early? You are on holiday. You don´t have to go to work
|
SHOULD
|
Obligation
|
You should wash and feed your pets properly
|
Advice
|
You have a terrible toothache. You should see your dentist
| |
OUGHT TO
|
Moral obligation
|
My 82 year-old neighbour is sick. I ought to go shopping for her
|
NEEDN´T
|
Something is not necessary
|
It´s enough! You needn´t bring any more pieces of wood
|
WILL
|
Prediction
|
(a fortune teller): You will have three children
|
Request
|
Will you please set aside?
| |
Decision taken at the moment
|
There isn´t any sugar in the jar. I´ll get some from the kitchen
| |
SHALL
|
Offer
|
Shall I help you? Your seem to be very busy
|
Suggestion
|
Shall we have a swim? It´s very hot
| |
WOULD
|
Repetitive action in the past
|
When I lived in London, I would go to Hyde Park every afternoon
|
Invitation
|
Would you like something to drink?
|
2.- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
TYPES
Type 1
|
If present, future
If present, present (universal truth)
If present, modal can/may
If present, imperative
|
Type 2
|
If past, would
|
Type 3
|
If past perfect, would have+participle
|
Type 1
If he doesn´t put on his coat, he will get a cold
If you heat ice, it melts
If I cook, you can do the laundry
If he comes, call me at once
Type 2
If they came on time, we would go for a walk
If I were you, I would choose English instead
Type 3
If they had got up earlier, they would have caught the bus
1.- HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE FINAL -ed (http://www.elementalenglish.com)
We can pronounce the final –ed in the past and participle or regular verbs in three ways:
1) [t] final sound
Verbs ending in voiceless sounds [p, k, θ, f, s, ʃ, tʃ] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as the voiceless [t] (with no vocal chord vibration).
· [p] “He popped a balloon.” [papt]
· [k] “They talked a lot” [takt]
· [θ] “th”: “She frothed a cup of milk” [frawθt]
· [f] “I laughed at the movie.” [læft]
· [s] “She kissed a frog.” [kIst]
· [ʃ] “sh”: “We brushed it off.” [bruʃt]
· [tʃ] “ch”: “I reached around for it.” [riytʃt]
2) [d] final sound
Verbs ending in the voiced sounds [b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as a voiced [d].
· [b] “It bobbed up and down.” [babd]
· [g] “He begged her to stay.” [bɛgd]
· [ð] “She breathed loudly.” [briyðd]
· [v] “They loved it.” [luvd]
· [z] “We raised her expectations.” [reyzd]
· [dʒ] “They bridged the gap.” [brIdʒd]
· [m] “I claimed it was mine.” [kleymd]
· [n] “They banned new members.” [bænd]
· [ŋ] “She banged into the chair.” [bæŋd]
· [r] “He cleared it up.” [kliyrd]
· [l] “I rolled up the paper.” [rowld]
3) [ɪd] final sound
Verbs ending in the sounds [t] or [d] will cause the “-ed” ending of a verb to be pronounced as the syllable[ɪd].
· [t] “I visited the Empire State Building.” [vɪzɪt[d]
· [t] “She edited the research paper.” [ɛdɪtɪd]
· [d] “We ended the game early.” [ɛndɪd]
· [d] “He breaded the chicken.” [brɛdɪd]
Watch these videos
Watch these videos